Could Desalination Be a New Energy Storage Market?
“As soon as solar-plus-storage can compete with [traditional] generation prices, there will be a huge market,” said Thomas Hillig, managing director of Dr. Thomas Hillig Energy Consulting, a consultancy focused on off-grid energy markets.
“It’s pretty important to have high utilization, because the desalination equipment is very capital-intensive. After having done the investment, they want to run it as intensely as possible. If we go off-grid, there has to be storage because utilization has to be high.”
Currently the market for energy storage attached to desalination plants is still in its infancy because of the cost of batteries. With most desalination projects, “You pretty much have the choice of where to put them,” Hillig noted.
In such cases, developers will naturally tend to choose locations where energy is cheap and plentiful. Thus, for the vast majority of desalination plants today, solar-plus-storage is still “not feasible. It’s a nice concept; a market of the future,” he said.
But the picture is changing as demand for desalination grows and solar-plus-storage becomes more competitive. Currently, desalination serves around 1 percent of the global population, or almost 746 million people.
GWI said desalination could be needed for up to 14 percent of the world population by 2025, based on United Nations figures for water scarcity. Renewable energy is already being considered as the power source of choice for many new desalination projects.
Desalination is commonly used on islands where the main conventional fuel, diesel, is very expensive and solar or wind can easily compete on cost, noted Hillig.
But even in areas where fossil fuels are commonplace, there could be powerful incentives to use renewable energy for desalination.
In Saudi Arabia, for example, 10 percent of primary energy use is devoted to desalination. And a report this year from Wood Mackenzie and Verisk Maplecroft found solar power could be a more competitive way of powering the process at oil prices above $20 a barrel.
Because desalination is often needed in desert environments that are already ecologically stressed, environmental friendliness is another potentially significant factor in choosing to use renewable energy for desalination.
The equipment maker Hitachi, for instance, has developed solar-powered desalination plants to provide fresh water for the Arabian oryx, an endangered species, in the United Arab Emirates.
While it may not yet be economical to incorporate batteries into such designs, other types of storage might prove more cost-effective in the areas where desalination is needed.
Concentrated solar power with thermal storage, for example, is a good match for desert regions with high desalination needs, and can potentially provide round-the-clock power.
Hillig said mining companies could look at the technology for combined desalination and process heat applications in markets such as Chile. “Or you could use thermal storage with PV,” he said.
And Tim Young, president and CEO of U.S. technology developer HyperSolar, listed desalination among the potential applications for a solar-powered hydrogen generation concept his company is working on.
